What is LTE-M? - Considerations and Applications for LTE-M

LTE-M is the abbreviation for LTE Cat-M1 or Long Term Evolution (4G), category M1. But what is LTE-M? What is LTE-M used for? This technology is for Internet of Things devices to connect directly to a 4G network, without a gateway and while running on batteries.

Bottom Line on LTE-M

1. It’s cheaper. Devices can connect to 4G networks with chips that are less expensive to make, because they are half-duplex and have a narrower bandwidth.
2. Long Battery Life. Devices can enter a “deep sleep” mode called Power Savings Mode (PSM) or wake up only periodically while connected. That mode is called extended discontinuous reception (eDRX). Read more on eDRX and PSM.
3. Service Costs Less. Because the maximum data rate of LTE-M devices is only about 100 kbits/s, they do not tax the 4G network as much. Carriers can offer service plans that closer to old 2G M2M pricing than 4G pricing.

Image Credit: LinkLabs

3GPP and IoT Centric Technology

LTE Cat-M1 technology is one of the two answers that 3GPP has for the rise in IoT-only network technology. SigFox is a French startup that started the technology movement that has become known as LPWAN (Low Power, Wide Area Networks). Read more on the history of LPWAN.

The other 3GPP technology is NB-IOT (Narrowband IOT), which uses an even simpler access scheme (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) to further drive down cost and complexity. There are two camps of NB-IOT technology out there, and much of the US-based cellular infrastructure (based on Alcatel) will not be compatible with NB-IOT. Read more on NB-IOT here.

LTE CAT-M1 was specified by 3GPP Release 13, which specified these design goals:

• 10-year battery life on a 5WH battery.
• Device cost comparable to GPRS based IoT devices.
• Extended coverage (> 156 dB MCL).
• Variable Data Rates — to enhance coverage.

The reality today of LTE-M is that it's still not quite ready for prime time, as the specifics of PSM and eDRX are still being coordinated between infrastructure providers, chipset manufacturers, and network operators.

Image credit: LinkLabs

Applications Best Suited for LTE-M

1. Low-Density Sensors. For businesses or OEMs that use sensors as part of their business (e.g. Cold Chain Monitoring), removing the headache of connecting via WiFi or a gateway is a huge deal. The thought that a sensor can be fielded with a long-life battery, and that it would “just work” is a huge deal.
2. Automated Meter Reading. Because of the cost of previous technologies, cellular-based AMR has been less popular. Now that cheaper chips can connect for less, we will see more and more meters connecting via LTE-M.
3. Asset Tracking with LTE-M. Hybrid asset tracking solutions that use a short-range connection like Bluetooth, coupled with backhaul via LTE-M are poised to do very well. One application technology we like in the RTLS space is AirFinder.

Considerations for LTE-M

If you and your team are considering building a solution with LTE-M, here are some important considerations:

1. PPP connections are not the norm. Battery-powered LTE-M devices need to use simple UDP/TCP commands to send and receive data. A small, power-efficient sensor device cannot host PPP. Serious embedded development is required. Making this easier is part of our focus at Link Labs.
2. Security and power are oil and water. A big fat Linux OS has no issue handling complex security requirements for services like MQTT on AWS IoT. A little power-constrained MCU on the other hand, will struggle. Be sure to plan for the complexities that security will require when you have a tiny processor and tiny battery.
3. Holy Pulse Current, Batman. 23 dBm maximum transmit power is no joke. Your LTE-M device will have to be able to source 500mA or more of peak current when required by the LTE-M module. Things like super caps can help, but planning for the correct battery chemistry and capacity is critical.

Originally published at www.link-labs.com.